Overview of An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryThe text book titled Chemistry: An introduction to general organic and biological chemistry is designed to help the general concepts of organic chemistry. This book is designed for majors and non-majors students of chemistry and biological sciences to learn the application of organic chemistry and chemistry of biological systems. Show Periodic Table of Elements Representative elements 114 Transition elements †Actinides 1 Group 1A 2 Group 2A 3 3B 4 4B 5 5B 6 6B 7 7B 8 9 8B 10 11 1B 12 2B *Lanthanides 111 112 1 3 4 11 12 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 236 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 18 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 57 56 55 87 88 89 † 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 (272) 1 6. 4 83. (99) 131 (222) (210) (294) (209) 132 (223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (265) (268) (271) (145) (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) H Li Be Na MgK Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn He B C N O F Ne Al Si P S Cl Ar Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Ds Rg 113 Periodnumber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 Group 3A 14 Group 4A 15 Group 5A 16 Group 6A 17 Group 7A 18 Group 8A Alkalimetals Noblegases Alkalineearthmetals Halogens Metals Metalloids Nonmetals 115 (289) (285) (286) (289) 116 118 117 (293) (294) Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Og Ts CHEMISTRYAn Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Courseware Portfolio Manager: Scott Dustan Director, Courseware Portfolio Management: Jeanne Zalesky Content Producer: Lizette Faraji Managing Producer: Kristen Flathman Courseware Analyst: Coleen Morrison Courseware Director, Content Development: Jennifer Hart Courseware Editorial Assistant: Fran Falk Rich Media Content Producer: Jenny Moryan Full Service Vendor: SPi Global Full Service Project Manager: Karen Berry/Christian Arsenault Copyeditor: Laura Patchkofsky Design Manager: Mark Ong Cover and Interior Designer: Tamara Newnam Photo and Illustration Support: Stephanie Marquez, Imagineering Art Rights and Permissions Project Manager: Kathleen Zander Rights and Permissions Management: Ben Ferrini Manufacturing Buyer: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Marketing Manager: Elizabeth Ellsworth Bell Cover Image Credit: © Ralph Clevenger/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on p. C-1. Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress. ISBN-10: 0-134-42135- ISBN-13: 978-0-134-42135- pearsonhighered v CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTHCHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTHCHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTHx Contents CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Testing for Glucose 452 13. 6 Disaccharides 453 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH How Sweet Is My Sweetener? 455 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Blood Types and Carbohydrates 456 13. 7 Polysaccharides 459 CLINICAL UpdATE Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes 4 61 Concept Map 462 Chapter Review 462 Summary of Carbohydrates 463 Summary of Reactions 464 Key Terms 464 Core Chemistry Skills 465 Understanding the Concepts 465 Additional Practice Problems 466 Challenge Problems 467 Answers 468 14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 470 CAREER Environmental Health Practitioner 470 CLINICAL UPDATE Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals 470 14. 1 Carboxylic Acids 471 14. 2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids 473 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism 476 14. 3 Esters 477 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Salicylic Acid from a Willow Tree 479 CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT Plastics 480 14. 4 Hydrolysis of Esters 482 14. 5 Amines 484 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Amines in Health and Medicine 486 CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT Alkaloids: Amines in Plants 490 14. 6 Amides 491 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTHSome Important Alcohols and Phenols 402 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Ethers as Anesthetics 404 12. 2 Properties of Alcohols 405 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Hand Sanitizers 407 12. 3 Aldehydes and Ketones 408 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones 412 12. 4 Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones 414 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body 417 CLINICAL UpdATE Diana’s Skin Protection Plan 421 Concept Map 421 Chapter Review 422 Summary of Naming 423 Summary of Reactions 423 Key Terms 423 Core Chemistry Skills 424 Understanding the Concepts 424 Additional Practice Problems 425 Challenge Problems 427 Answers 427 COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 10 to 12 430 13 Carbohydrates 432 CAREER Diabetes Nurse 432 CLINICAL UPDATE Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes 432 13. 1 Carbohydrates 433 13. 2 Chiral Molecules 436 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Enantiomers in Biological Systems 441 13. 3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides 443 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia 445 13. 4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides 446 13. 5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides 450 Contents xi Additional Practice Problems 542 Challenge Problems 542 Answers 543 COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 13 to 15 546 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 548 CAREER Physician Assistant 548 CLINICAL UPDATE Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia 548 16. 1 Proteins and Amino Acids 549 16. 2 Proteins: Primary Structure 553 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Essential Amino Acids and Complete Proteins 555 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Polypeptides in the Body 557 16. 3 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures 558 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Protein Secondary Structures and Alzheimer’s Disease 560 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Sickle-Cell Anemia 565 16. 4 Enzymes 566 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools 569 16. 5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 571 CLINICAL UpdATE Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia 576 Concept Map 577 Chapter Review 577 Key Terms 578 Core Chemistry Skills 579 Understanding the Concepts 579 Additional Practice Problems 580 Challenge Problems 581 Understanding Protein Structures 581 Answers 581 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTHAmides in Health and Medicine 494 CLINICAL UpdATE Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals 497 Concept Map 498 Chapter Review 498 Summary of Naming 499 Summary of Reactions 499 Key Terms 501 Core Chemistry Skills 501 Understanding the Concepts 501 Additional Practice Problems 502 Challenge Problems 504 Answers 505 15 Lipids 509 CAREER Clinical Lipid Specialist 509 CLINICAL UPDATE Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol 509 15. 1 Lipids 510 15. 2 Fatty Acids 511 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils 515 15. 3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols 517 15. 4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols 521 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Converting Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats: Hydrogenation 522 15. 5 Phospholipids 525 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) 529 15. 6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones 530 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Anabolic Steroids 534 15. 7 Cell Membranes 536 CLINICAL UpdATE Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol 538 Concept Map 539 Chapter Review 539 Summary of Reactions 540 Key Terms 540 Core Chemistry Skills 541 Understanding the Concepts 541 xiii Applications and Activities xiv Applications and Activities
xvi preface • NEW! TEST feature added in the margin encourages students to solve related Practice Problems to practice retrieval of content for exams. • NEW! Interactive Videos give students the experi- ence of step-by-step problem solving for problems from the text. • NEW! Review topics placed in the margin at the begin- ning of a Section list the Key Math Skills and Core Chemistry Skills from the previous chapters, which pro- vide the foundation for learning new chemistry princi- ples in the current chapter. • UPDATED! Solution Guides are now included in selected Sample Problems. • UPDATED! Key Math Skills review basic math relevant to the chemistry the students are learning throughout the text. A Key Math Skill Review at the end of each chapter summarizes and gives additional examples. • UPDATED! Core Chemistry Skills identify the key chemical principles in each chapter that are required for successfully learning chemistry. A Core Chemistry Skill Review at the end of each chapter helps reinforce the material and gives additional examples. • UPDATED! Analyze the Problem features included in the Solutions of the Sample Problems strengthen critical- thinking skills and illustrate the breakdown of a word problem into the components required to solve it. • UPDATED! Practice Problems , Sample Problems , and art demonstrate the connection between the chemistry being discussed and how these skills will be needed in professional experience. • UPDATED! Combining Ideas features offer sets of inte- grated problems that test students’ understanding and develop critical thinking by integrating topics from two or more previous chapters. Chapter Organization of the Thirteenth Edition In each textbook I write, I consider it essential to relate every chemical concept to real-life issues. Because a chemistry course may be taught in different time frames, it may be difficult to cover all the chapters in this text. However, each chapter is a complete package, which allows some chapters to be skipped or the order of presentation to be changed. Chapter 1, Chemistry in Our Lives, discusses the Scien- tific Method in everyday terms, guides students in developing a study plan for learning chemistry, with a section of Key Math Welcome to the thirteenth edition of An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. This chemistry text was written and designed to help you prepare for a career in a health-related profession, such as nursing, dietetics, respiratory therapy, and environmental and agricultural science. This text assumes no prior knowledge of chemistry. My main objective in writing this text is to make the study of chemistry an engaging and a positive experience for you by relating the structure and behavior of matter to its role in health and the environment. This new edition introduces more problem-solving strategies, more problem-solving guides, new Analyze the Problem with Con- nect features, new Try It First and Engage features, conceptual and challenge problems, and new sets of combined problems. It is my goal to help you become a critical thinker by understanding scientific concepts that will form a basis for making important decisions about issues concerning health and the environment. Thus, I have utilized materials that • help you to learn and enjoy chemistry • relate chemistry to careers that interest you • develop problem-solving skills that lead to your success in chemistry • promote learning and success in chemistry New for the Thirteenth Edition New and updated features have been added throughout this thirteenth edition, including the following: • NEW AND UPDATED! Chapter Openers provide engag- ing clinical stories in the health profession and introduce the chemical concepts in each chapter. • NEW! Clinical Updates added at the end of each Chapter continue the story of the chapter opener and describe the follow-up treatment. • NEW! Engage feature in the margin asks students to think about the paragraph they are reading and to test their understanding by answering the Engage question, which is related to the topic. • NEW! Try It First precedes the Solution section of each Sample Problem to encourage the student to work on the problem before reading the given Solution. • NEW! Connect feature added to Analyze the Problem boxes indicates the relationships between Given and Need. • NEW! Clinical Applications added to Practice Problems show the relevance between the chemistry content and medicine and health. • NEW! Strategies for Learning Chemistry are added that utilize successful ways to study and learn chemistry. Preface xvii Skills that reviews the basic math, including scientific notation, needed in chemistry calculations. • The Chapter Opener tells the story of a murder and fea- tures the work and career of forensic scientists. • A new Clinical Update feature describes the forensic evidence that helps to solve the murder and includes Clinical Applications. • “Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist” is expanded to include law and theory. • Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation is now a new Section. • An updated Section titled Studying and Learning Chem- istry expands the discussion of strategies that improve learning and understanding of content. • Key Math Skills are: Identifying Place Values, Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations, Cal- culating Percentages, Solving Equations, Interpreting Graphs, and Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation. Chapter 2, Chemistry and Measurements, looks at meas- urement and emphasizes the need to understand numerical relationships of the metric system. Significant figures are dis- cussed in the determination of final answers. Prefixes from the metric system are used to write equalities and conversion fac- tors for problem-solving strategies. Density is discussed and used as a conversion factor. • The Chapter Opener tells the story of a patient with high blood pressure and features the work and career of a reg- istered nurse. • A new Clinical Update describes the patient’s status and follow-up visit with his doctor. • New photos, including an endoscope, propranolol tab- lets, cough syrup, people exercising, a urine dipstick, and a pint of blood, are added to improve visual introduc- tion to clinical applications of chemistry. Previous art is updated to improve clarity. • Sample Problems relate problem solving to health- related topics such as the measurements of blood volume, omega-3 fatty acids, radiological imaging, body fat, cholesterol, and medication orders. • New Clinical Applications feature questions about meas- urements, daily values for minerals and vitamins, equali- ties and conversion factors for medications. • New material illustrates how to count significant figures in equalities and in conversion factors used in a problem setup. • A new Key Math Skill, Rounding Off, has been added. • Core Chemistry Skills are: Counting Significant Figures, Using Significant Figures in Calculations, Using Pre- fixes, Writing Conversion Factors from Equalities, Using Conversion Factors, and Using Density as a Conversion Factor. Chapter 3, Matter and Energy, classifies matter and states of matter, describes temperature measurement, and discusses energy, specific heat, energy in nutrition, and changes of state. Physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes are discussed. • The chapter opener describes diet and exercise for an overweight adolescent at risk for type 2 diabetes and fea- tures the work and career of a dietitian. • A new Clinical Update describes the new diet prepared with a dietitian for weight loss. • Practice Problems and Sample Problems include high temperatures used in cancer treatment, the energy pro- duced by a high-energy shock output of a defibrillator, body temperature lowering using a cooling cap, ice bag therapy for muscle injury, and energy values for food. • Core Chemistry Skills are: Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes, Converting between Temperature Scales, Using Energy Units, Using the Heat Equation, and Calculating Heat for Change of State. • The interchapter problem set, Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 to 3, completes the chapter. Chapter 4, Atoms and Elements, introduces elements and atoms and the periodic table. The names and symbols for the newest elements 113, Nihonium, Nh, 115, Moscovium, Mc, 117, Tennessine, Ts, and 118, Oganesson, Og, are added to the periodic table. Electron arrangements are written for atoms and the trends in periodic properties are described. Atomic numbers and mass numbers are determined for isotopes. The most abun- dant isotope of an element is determined by its atomic mass. • The Chapter Opener and Follow Up feature the work and career of a farmer. • A new Clinical Update describes the improvement in crop production by the farmer. • Atomic number and mass number are used to calculate the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. • The number of protons and neutrons are used to calculate the mass number and to write the atomic symbol for an isotope. • The trends in periodic properties are described for valence electrons, atomic size, ionization energy, and metallic character. • Core Chemistry Skills are: Counting Protons and Neutrons, Writing Atomic Symbols for Isotopes, Writing Electron Arrangements, Identifying Trends in Periodic Properties, and Drawing Lewis Symbols. Chapter 5, Nuclear Chemistry, looks at the types of radia- tion emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms. Nuclear equations are written and balanced for both naturally occurring radioactivity and artificially produced radioactivity. The half- lives of radioisotopes are discussed, and the amount of time for a sample to decay is calculated. Radioisotopes important in the |
Chemistry an introduction to general organic and biological chemistry
Copyright © 2024 moicapnhap Inc.
